The main parameters of the battery

01 Capacity ✦

Battery capacity refers to the amount of electricity stored in the battery, represented by the symbol C. The commonly used unit is ampere-hour, referred to as ampere-hour (Ah) or milliampere-hour (mAh). The capacity of the battery can be divided into rated capacity (nominal capacity) and actual capacity.

(1) Rated capacity

The rated capacity is the minimum amount of electricity (Ah) that should be released when the battery is discharged at a rate of 10 hours at an ambient temperature of 25°C.

(2) Actual capacity

The actual capacity refers to the power that the battery can output under certain conditions. It is equal to the product of the discharge current and the discharge time, and the unit is Ah.

02 Energy ✦

The energy of the battery refers to the electric energy that the battery can give under a certain discharge system, usually expressed in watt-hours (Wh).

03 Cycle life ✦

A battery goes through one charge and one discharge, called a cycle (one cycle). Under certain discharge conditions, before the battery works to a specified value of capacity, the number of cycles that the battery can withstand is called the cycle life.

The traditional fixed lead-acid battery is about 500~600 times, and the starter lead-acid battery is about 300~500 times. The valve-regulated sealed lead-acid battery cycle life is 1000~1200 times. The first factor that affects the cycle life is the performance of the manufacturer's products, and the second is the quality of maintenance work. The service life of fixed lead-acid batteries can also be measured by floating charge life (years), and the float charge life of valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries is more than 10 years.

04 Storage performance ✦

During the storage period of the storage battery, due to the presence of impurities in the battery, such as positively charged metal ions, these impurities can form a micro-battery with the negative active material, and the dissolution of the negative metal and the precipitation of hydrogen will occur.

Another example is the impurity dissolved in the solution and from the positive grid, if its standard electrode potential is between the positive and negative standard electrode potentials, it will be oxidized by the positive electrode and reduced by the negative electrode. Therefore, the existence of harmful impurities will gradually consume the positive and negative active materials, causing the battery to lose capacity. This phenomenon is called self-discharge.

05 Battery electromotive force, open circuit voltage, working voltage ✦

The product of electromotive force and unit electricity represents the maximum electric work that a unit electricity can do. The working voltage of the battery refers to the terminal voltage through which the battery has a current (closed circuit). The working voltage at the initial discharge of the battery is called the initial voltage. After the battery is connected to the load, due to the existence of ohmic resistance and polarization overpotential, the working voltage of the battery is lower than the open circuit voltage.

06 Internal resistance ✦

Battery internal resistance includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance, and polarization internal resistance includes electrochemical polarization and concentration polarization. The existence of internal resistance makes the terminal voltage of the battery lower than the battery electromotive force and open circuit voltage when discharging, and the terminal voltage is higher than the electromotive force and open circuit voltage when charging. The internal resistance of the battery is not constant and changes with time during the charging and discharging process, because the composition of the active material, the concentration of the electrolyte and the temperature are constantly changing.

مقاومت اهمی از قانون اهم پیروی می کند. مقاومت پلاریزاسیون با افزایش چگالی جریان افزایش می یابد، اما یک رابطه خطی نیست و اغلب به صورت خطی با لگاریتم چگالی جریان افزایش می یابد.

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